Criminal Justice & Criminology

Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, 10 volumes
Editors: Dr. Mahipal Singh Sankhla
Dr. Ali Raza
Dr. Shobha Ahi
Dr. Kumud Kant Awasthi

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Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, 10 volumes

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Volume 1: Foundations of Forensic Science
Volume 2: Crime Scene Investigation and Evidence Handling
Volume 3: Forensic Medicine and Human Identification
Volume 4: Forensic Biology and DNA Analysis
Volume 5: Environmental and Ecological Forensics
Volume 6: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
Volume 7: Advanced Analytical and Imaging Techniques
Volume 8: Digital and Cyber Forensics
Volume 9: Artificial Intelligence and Data-Driven Forensics
Volume 10: Applied and Global Forensic Practices



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The Encyclopedia of Forensic Science
is a comprehensive ten-volume reference work that presents a complete and structured understanding of forensic science. It is designed for researchers, academicians, practitioners, and students who require both fundamental knowledge and advanced insights. The encyclopedia covers the entire forensic process, starting from crime scene investigation and evidence handling to laboratory analysis, interpretation, and presentation in courts. It integrates classical forensic approaches with modern scientific advancements, making it relevant for both academic and applied forensic settings.

The series is organized into ten thematic volumes, each focusing on a specific domain. It begins with foundational concepts such as principles, history, and quality assurance, and progresses to specialized areas including forensic medicine, biology, environmental forensics, chemistry, and toxicology. Advanced volumes address modern developments like digital and cyber forensics, artificial intelligence, and data-driven investigations. This structured arrangement allows readers to develop a clear and systematic understanding of forensic science across different disciplines.

A key strength of the encyclopedia is its interdisciplinary approach. It brings together knowledge from chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental science, engineering, and data science. It also emphasizes global standards, quality control, and ethical considerations in forensic practice. Topics such as accreditation, chain of custody, and legal admissibility of evidence are discussed in detail to ensure alignment with international forensic guidelines.

Overall, the encyclopedia serves as an authoritative and future-oriented resource. It not only supports teaching and research but also enhances professional practice by incorporating emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, biosensors, and artificial intelligence. With its strong focus on scientific rigor, practical relevance, and global applicability, it contributes significantly to the advancement of forensic science.

Key Features

1. Holistic and Structured Coverage

The encyclopedia is divided into ten volumes, each dedicated to a specialized domain of forensic science. This modular structure allows readers to navigate seamlessly from foundational concepts to advanced applications.

2. Interdisciplinary Integration
It bridges multiple scientific disciplines, reflecting the inherently interdisciplinary nature of forensic science. Topics span from biological and chemical analysis to digital investigations and artificial intelligence.

3. Emphasis on Scientific Rigor and Quality Standards
Chapters highlight laboratory accreditation, quality assurance protocols, evidence handling standards, and validation of analytical methods, ensuring alignment with international forensic guidelines.

4. Global Perspective
The content is designed with a global outlook, incorporating international best practices, cross-border forensic collaboration, and universally applicable methodologies.

5. Advanced and Emerging Technologies
Special focus is given to innovations such as next-generation sequencing, nanotechnology, biosensors, machine learning, and digital forensic tools.

6. Practical and Case-Oriented Approach
The encyclopedia emphasizes real-world applicability, including crime scene reconstruction, forensic reporting, and courtroom presentation of scientific evidence.

7. Ethical and Legal Considerations
It addresses forensic ethics, legal admissibility of evidence, expert witness responsibilities, and regulatory frameworks governing forensic practice.


Editorial Board Members

Dr. Abdul Alim,
Cihan University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Dr. Abuzar Kabir, Florida International University, Florida, USA
Dr. Anujit Ghosal, Red River College Polytechnic, Winnipeg, Canada
Dr. Baljeet Yadav, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
Dr. Chandra Shekhar Yadav, National Forensic Sciences University, Guwahati campus, Assam, India
Dr. Garima Awasthi, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
Dr. Kishan Saha, Bowie State University, Bowie, MD, USA
Dr. Kofi A. Afrifah, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina, USA
Dr. Rajeev Kumar, IILM University, Greater Noida, U.P., India.
Dr. Suneet Kumar, Forensic Science Laboratory, Moradabad, U.P., India.
Dr. Suresh Kumar, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Dr. Syed Ahmar Ali Hashmi, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Dr. Tina Sharma, Bahra University, Shimla Hills, H.P., India.
Dr. Vaibhav Saran, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India.


CONTENTS:

Volume 1: Foundations of Forensic Science

1. Principles and Scope of Forensic Science
2. History and Evolution of Forensic Investigations
3. Criminalistics and Evidence Classification
4. Forensic Laboratory Systems and Accreditation
5. Chain of Custody and Evidence Management
6. Quality Assurance and Standardization in Forensic Labs
7. Forensic Documentation and Reporting

Volume 2: Crime Scene Investigation and Evidence Handling
1. Crime Scene Management and Investigation Protocols
2. Evidence Recognition and Collection Techniques
3. Evidence Preservation and Packaging Methods
4. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
5. Trace Evidence Examination
6. Reconstruction of Crime Scenes
7. Forensic Photography and Scene Documentation

Volume 3: Forensic Medicine and Human Identification
1. Forensic Pathology and Cause of Death Investigation
2. Forensic Anthropology and Skeletal Analysis
3. Human Identification in Mass Disasters
4. Forensic Odontology and Dental Identification
5. Postmortem Changes and Time Since Death
6. Trauma and Injury Interpretation
7. Medical Evidence in Criminal Investigations

Volume 4: Forensic Biology and DNA Analysis
1. DNA Profiling and Genetic Identification
2. DNA Databases and Population Genetics
3. Biological Evidence Analysis (Blood, Saliva, Semen)
4. Wildlife Forensics and Species Identification
5. Forensic Entomology in Decomposition Studies
6. Microbial and Environmental DNA Analysis
7. Advances in Genomic Technologies for Forensics

Volume 5: Environmental and Ecological Forensics
1. Environmental Pollution Investigation
2. Chemical and Biological Contamination Analysis
3. Soil and Water Forensics
4. Wildlife Crime Investigation
5. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Damage Assessment
6. Forensic Geology and Geochemical Evidence
7. Legal Frameworks in Environmental Forensics

Volume 6: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
1. Drug and Poison Detection in Biological Samples
2. Analytical Techniques in Forensic Chemistry
3. Forensic Toxicology in Clinical and Postmortem Cases
4. Illicit Drug Identification and Profiling
5. Chemical Hazard and Exposure Investigations
6. Explosives and Fire Debris Analysis
7. Emerging Synthetic Substances and Toxic Compounds

Volume 7: Advanced Analytical and Imaging Techniques
1. Forensic Nanotechnology Applications
2. Next-Generation Fingerprint Detection
3. Spectroscopy and Chromatography in Forensics
4. Forensic Radiology and Medical Imaging
5. Advanced Microscopy in Evidence Analysis
6. Biosensors and Rapid Detection Technologies
7. Emerging Instrumentation for Trace Analysis

Volume 8: Digital and Cyber Forensics
1. Digital Evidence Acquisition and Preservation
2. Computer and Mobile Device Forensics
3. Cybercrime Investigation Techniques
4. Network Forensics and Data Recovery
5. Cloud and Internet-Based Evidence
6. Legal Aspects of Digital Evidence
7. Digital Forensic Tools and Methodologies

Volume 9: Artificial Intelligence and Data-Driven Forensics
1. Artificial Intelligence in Crime Analysis
2. Machine Learning for Pattern Recognition
3. Predictive Policing and Crime Mapping
4. Automated Evidence Analysis Systems
5. AI in Digital and Cyber Investigations
6. Smart Surveillance and Facial Recognition
7. Ethical Challenges in AI-Based Forensics

Volume 10: Applied and Global Forensic Practices
1. Biometric Identification Systems
2. Forensic Engineering and Accident Reconstruction
3. Military and Disaster Victim Identification
4. Financial and Cryptocurrency Forensics
5. International Forensic Collaboration and Governance
6. Forensic Ethics and Professional Standards
7. Courtroom Testimony and Expert Witness Practices



About the Authors / Editors:
Editors: Dr. Mahipal Singh Sankhla

Dr. Mahipal Singh Sankhla is an Assistant Professor of Forensic Science at the School of Basic and Applied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana. He holds B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc., and PhD in Forensic Science from Galgotias University, Greater Noida. His areas of expertise include forensic toxicology, heavy metal toxicity, environmental forensics, nanotechnology, and fingerprint analysis. He has received professional training at premier institutions including FSL Lucknow, CBI-CFSL New Delhi, Codon Institute of Biotechnology, and Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited, Udaipur. He has also served at Chandigarh University and Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur. Dr. Sankhla is a recipient of the DST-funded Junior Research Fellowship at MNIT Jaipur, along with several recognitions such as Young Scientist and Forensic Researcher Awards. He mentors students under NITI Aayog’s Atal Innovation Mission. He has over 170 publications, multiple patents, edited books, and listed in top 2% scientist list issued by Elsevier & Stanford university.

Dr. Ali Raza

Dr. Ali Raza is an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Bowie State University, Maryland, USA. He has more than ten years of multidisciplinary experience across forensic practice, academic research, and higher education. He has worked as a Consultant with Kenyon International Emergency Services, USA, and previously served as an Associate Professor of Forensics at Arba Minch University, Ethiopia. He began his career as an Assistant Chemical Examiner (Questioned Documents) at the Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of NCT Delhi, India. In this role, he handled felony investigations and provided expert testimony in criminal and civil cases. Dr. Raza’s research focuses on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, carbon-based nanomaterials for latent fingerprint detection, nanosensors, environmental toxicology, and analytical method development. He earned his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Delhi, along with a master’s in Forensic Science from NICFS and a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry (Honors).

Dr. Shobha Ahi

Dr. Shobha Ahi is a Senior Research Fellow and Deputy Director at the Drug Control Centre, King’s Forensics, within the Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences (AEFS), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science. She holds a PhD in Biochemistry, with research focused on novel methods for detecting prohibited substances and identifying marker metabolites. With over 15 years of experience as an anti-doping scientist in a WADA-accredited laboratory, she has led several research projects in anti-doping science, drug metabolism, and sports supplements. She has supervised PhD scholars and postgraduate students in areas such as alcohol detection in human hair and anti-doping analysis. Dr. Ahi has published more than 35 research papers and conference proceedings. She also serves as an editorial board member and reviewer for reputed journals. Her current research focuses on dried blood spot testing and in-vitro metabolite characterization for anti-doping applications.

Dr. Kumud Kant Awasthi

Dr. Kumud Kant Awasthi is a Professor at the School of Basic and Applied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, India. He previously served in the Department of Life Sciences at Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur. He earned his B.Sc. from CSJM University and completed his M.Sc. and PhD in Zoology from the University of Rajasthan. His expertise lies in nanotoxicology and environmental toxicology, with extensive work on nanoparticle toxicity using both in vivo and in vitro models. He holds Indian and German patents and has authored several books and copyrights. Dr. Awasthi is an active member of the Institute Innovation Council and serves as the IPR Cell Nodal Officer. He coordinates GIAN courses and contributes to JNU’s animal welfare programs. He has been associated with the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics and CPCSEA committees, and actively participates in research review and academic event organization.




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